David J. Dries, MD, MSE
Senior Fellow, HealthPartners Institute
About

Academic appointment: John F. Perry Jr. Chair of Trauma Surgery, Professor of Surgery, and Clinical Adjunct Professor of Emergency Medicine, University of Minnesota.

Joined the Institute: 1999 – Board of Directors, Institute for Medical Education; 2001 – Board of Directors, HealthPartners Research Foundation.

Education and training: MD, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine; residency in surgery, Duke University School of Medicine; residency in surgery, University of California-Irvine; fellowship in critical care surgery, University of Chicago-Loyola.

Overview/research interests: Clinical Trials: Critical Care, Trauma, Burns

Current research activities and funding:  Mass Casualty Care Modeling, Radiation Injury.
Publications While At Healthpartners
selected publications
Journal Article
  • American Association for the Surgery of Trauma/American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma clinical protocol for management of acute respiratory distress syndrome and severe hypoxemia. 
    The journal of trauma and acute care surgery. 2023
  • Guns, bullets, and wounds. 
    Air Medical Journal. 2023
  • Mass shooting. 
    Air Medical Journal. 2023
  • Polio is back. 
    Air Medical Journal. 2023
  • Surgical science and the evolution of critical care medicine. 
    Critical Care Medicine. 2023
  • Delta and the variants. 
    Air Medical Journal. 2022
  • Monkeypox. 
    Air Medical Journal. 2022
  • Paradoxical positioning: does "head up" always improve mechanics and lung protection?. 
    Critical Care Medicine. 2022
  • Paradoxical response to chest wall loading predicts a favorable mechanical response to reduction in tidal volume or PEEP. 
    Critical Care (London, England). 2022
  • Reliable estimates of power delivery during mechanical ventilation utilizing easily obtained bedside parameters. 
    Respiratory Care. 2022
  • Static and dynamic measurements of compliance and driving pressure: a pilot study. 
    Frontiers in Physiology. 2022
  • Vaccination. 
    Air Medical Journal. 2022
  • Brain injury in critical illness and a note on the virus. 
    Air Medical Journal. 2021
  • Coronavirus disease 2019 and stroke. 
    Air Medical Journal. 2021
  • Coronavirus disease 2019: from exposure to the intensive care unit-part 1. 
    Air Medical Journal. 2021
  • Elastic power of mechanical ventilation in morbid obesity and severe hypoxemia. 
    Respiratory Care. 2021
  • Evaluation of fixed versus variable dosing of 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate for emergent warfarin reversal. 
    American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2021
  • Intracycle power and ventilation mode as potential contributors to ventilator-induced lung injury. 
    Intensive care medicine experimental. 2021
  • Massive burns after forge explosion: new technique to protect perineal skin grafts without a diverting ostomy. 
    The journal of trauma and acute care surgery. 2021
  • Variation in early management practices in moderate-to-severe ARDS in the United States: the Severe ARDS: Generating Evidence Study. 
    Chest. 2021
  • What's new in shock, December 2021?. 
    Shock (Augusta, Ga.). 2021
  • A novel immune modulator for patients with necrotizing soft tissue infections (NSTI): results of a multicenter, phase 3 randomized controlled trial of reltecimod (AB 103). 
    Annals of Surgery. 2020
  • Effect of out-of-hospital tranexamic acid vs placebo on 6-month functional neurologic outcomes in patients with moderate or severe traumatic brain injury. 
    JAMA. 2020
  • Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and the virus. 
    Air Medical Journal. 2020
  • New compressible barrier devices for enteric fistula and ostomy effluent isolation. 
    Surgical Technology International. 2020
  • The virus II: triage and treatment. 
    Air Medical Journal. 2020
  • Tranexamic acid administration in the field does not affect admission thromboelastography after traumatic brain injury. 
    The journal of trauma and acute care surgery. 2020
  • Triage, trauma, and today's mass violence events. 
    Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 2020
  • What's new in shock, May 2020?. 
    Shock (Augusta, Ga.). 2020
  • Burn care: transfers and toxins. 
    Air Medical Journal. 2018
  • Holistic wound care preparation: treating complex abdominal wounds from the inside out
    2018
  • PEEP titration: the effect of prone position and abdominal pressure in an ARDS model. 
    Intensive care medicine experimental. 2018
  • Positional effects on the distributions of ventilation and end-expiratory gas volume in the asymmetric chest-a quantitative lung computed tomographic analysis. 
    Intensive care medicine experimental. 2018
  • Looking forward. 
    Air Medical Journal. 2017
  • Management of traumatic intracranial hypertension: old questions with new answers. 
    Air Medical Journal. 2017
  • Reliability of transpulmonary pressure-time curve profile to identify tidal recruitment/hyperinflation in experimental unilateral pleural effusion. 
    Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing. 2017
  • Weaning. 
    Air Medical Journal. 2017
  • Assisted ventilation. 
    Journal of burn care & research. 2016
  • Botulinum toxin A-induced paralysis of the lateral abdominal wall after damage-control laparotomy: a multi-institutional, prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study. 
    The journal of trauma and acute care surgery. 2016
  • Hemodynamic monitoring: Part 2. 
    Air Medical Journal. 2016
  • The effect of compartmental asymmetry on the monitoring of pulmonary mechanics and lung volumes. 
    Respiratory Care. 2016
  • The sepsis saga: consensus to xigris. 
    Air Medical Journal. 2016
  • The sepsis saga: sepsis-3-ready for prime time?. 
    Air Medical Journal. 2016
  • Collapsible enteroatmospheric fistula isolation device: a novel, simple solution to a complex problem. 
    Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 2015
  • Evaluation of intraosseous pressure in a hypovolemic animal model. 
    Journal of Surgical Research. 2015
  • Extracorporeal life support. 
    Air Medical Journal. 2015
  • Impact of chest wall modifications and lung injury on the correspondence between airway and transpulmonary driving pressures. 
    Critical Care Medicine. 2015
  • Lessons from the military. 
    Air Medical Journal. 2015
  • Stroke: part 2. 
    Air Medical Journal. 2015
  • Targeted temperature management: part 1. 
    Air Medical Journal. 2015
  • Targeted temperature management: part 2. 
    Air Medical Journal. 2015
  • Coagulation: Part 2. 
    Air Medical Journal. 2014
  • Coagulation: part 1. 
    Air Medical Journal. 2014
  • Defining the need for critical care in underserved areas
    2014
  • Not only in trauma patients: hospital-wide implementation of a massive transfusion protocol. 
    Transfusion Medicine. 2014
  • Positional effects on lung volumes and transpulmonary pressure during unilateral mechanical asymmetry. 
    Minnesota Medicine. 2014
  • Resuscitation: part 1. 
    Air Medical Journal. 2014
  • Sedation. 
    Air Medical Journal. 2014
  • Unilateral mechanical asymmetry. Positional effects on lung volumes and transpulmonary pressure. 
    Intensive care medicine experimental. 2014
  • Experimental intra-abdominal hypertension influences airway pressure limits for lung protective mechanical ventilation. 
    The journal of trauma and acute care surgery. 2013
  • Increasing numbers of rib fractures do not worsen outcome: an analysis of the National Trauma Data Bank. 
    American Surgeon. 2013
  • Value and limitations of transpulmonary pressure calculations during intra-abdominal hypertension. 
    Critical Care Medicine. 2013
  • Experimental intra-abdominal hypertension attenuates the benefit of positive end-expiratory pressure in ventilating effusion-compressed lungs*. 
    Critical Care Medicine. 2012
  • Medical preparation for the 2008 Republican National Convention: a practical guide. 
    The journal of trauma and acute care surgery. 2012
  • Collecting core data in severely injured patients using a consensus trauma template: an international multicentre study. 
    Critical Care (London, England). 2011
  • Non-pulmonary factors strongly influence the stress index. 
    Intensive Care Medicine. 2011
  • Pleural effusion complicates monitoring of respiratory mechanics. 
    Critical Care Medicine. 2011
  • Agreement between functional residual capacity estimated via automated gas dilution versus via computed tomography in a pleural effusion model. 
    Respiratory Care. 2010
  • Cardiovascular and metabolic effects of high-dose insulin in a porcine septic shock model. 
    Academic Emergency Medicine. 2010
  • Key questions in ventilator management of the burn-injured patient (first of two parts). 
    Journal of burn care & research. 2009
  • Key questions in ventilator management of the burn-injured patient (second of two parts). 
    Journal of burn care & research. 2009
  • Management of burn injuries--recent developments in resuscitation, infection control and outcomes research. 
    Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine. 2009
  • Management of burn injuries--recent developments in resuscitation, infection control and outcomes research Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med
    2009
  • Successful training of HEMS personnel in laryngeal mask airway and intubating laryngeal mask airway placement. 
    Air Medical Journal. 2008
  • Use of the intubating laryngeal mask airway in HEMS. 
    Air Medical Journal. 2008
  • Cardiovascular support in septic shock. 
    Air Medical Journal. 2007
  • Time course of physiologic variables in response to ventilator-induced lung injury. 
    Respiratory Care. 2007
  • Effects of ventilatory pattern on experimental lung injury caused by high airway pressure. 
    Critical Care Medicine. 2004
  • Intercomparison of recruitment maneuver efficacy in three models of acute lung injury. 
    Critical Care Medicine. 2004
  • Protocol-driven ventilator weaning reduces use of mechanical ventilation, rate of early reintubation, and ventilator-associated pneumonia. 
    Journal of Trauma. 2004
  • Transient hemodynamic effects of recruitment maneuvers in three experimental models of acute lung injury. 
    Critical Care Medicine. 2004
  • A rationale for lung recruitment in acute respiratory distress syndrome. 
    Journal of Trauma. 2003
  • Successful placement of an adult sternal intraosseous line through burned skin. 
    Journal of Burn Care and Rehabilitation. 2003
  • Ventilator-induced lung injury. 
    Respiratory Care Clinics of North America. 2003
  • Noninvasive ventilation. 
    Journal of Trauma. 2002
  • Oscillations and noise: inherent instability of pressure support ventilation?. 
    American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2002
  • Pulmonary microvascular fracture in a patient with acute respiratory distress syndrome. 
    Critical Care Medicine. 2002
  • Recent advances in emergency life support. 
    Nursing Clinics of North America. 2002
  • Differential neutrophil traffic in gut and lung after scald injury. 
    Journal of Burn Care and Rehabilitation. 2001
  • Does the ILMA make sense in HEMS?. 
    Air Medical Journal. 2001
  • Dynamic behavior during noninvasive ventilation: chaotic support?. 
    American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2001
  • Obtaining vascular access: is there a place for the sternal IO?. 
    Air Medical Journal. 2001
  • Recent progress in advanced cardiac life support. 
    Air Medical Journal. 2000
    • Editorial Article
  • Learning by machines [editorial]. 
    The journal of trauma and acute care surgery.  92. 2022
  • Burn care: before the burn center [editorial]. 
    Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine.  28. 2020
  • Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in pediatric burns: worth a closer look [editorial]. 
    Pediatric Critical Care Medicine.  21. 2020
  • Finding best PEEP: a little at a time [editorial]. 
    Respiratory Care.  65. 2020
  • The tidal volume fix [editorial]?. 
    Journal of Thoracic Disease.  11. 2019
  • Burn resuscitation: don't forget the feeds [editorial]. 
    Critical Care Medicine.  46. 2018
  • High-flow nasal cannula: where does it fit [editorial]?. 
    Respiratory Care.  63. 2018
  • Tranexamic acid: is it about time [editorial]?. 
    Lancet (London, England).  391. 2018
  • Acute respiratory distress syndrome and lung protection [editorial]. 
    Air Medical Journal.  35. 2016
  • Thanks for the memories [invited editorial]. 
    Critical Care Medicine.  44. 2016
  • Taking one for the team [editorial]. 
    Pediatric Critical Care Medicine.  16. 2015
  • Complications to evaluate adult trauma care: an expert consensus study [editorial]. 
    The journal of trauma and acute care surgery.  77. 2014
  • Fluid resuscitation: less is more [editorial]. 
    Critical Care Medicine.  42. 2014
  • Hemodynamic monitoring: part 1 [review, editorial]. 
    Air Medical Journal.  33. 2014
  • Cardiac output monitors: old and new [editorial]. 
    Journal of burn care & research.  34. 2013
  • PEEP titration: new horizons [editorial]. 
    Respiratory Care.  58. 2013
  • Abdominal compartment syndrome: toward less-invasive management [editorial]. 
    Chest.  140. 2011
  • Risk factors associated with early reintubation in trauma patients: a prospective observational study [invited editorial]. 
    Journal of Trauma.  71. 2011
  • Technology assessment [editorial]. 
    Journal of Trauma.  67. 2009
    • Chapter
  • Traumatic shock and tissue hypoperfusion: nonsurgical management. 
    Critical care medicine: principles of diagnosis and management in the adult. 2014
  • Position and the compromised respiratory system. 
    Annual update in intensive care and emergency medicine. 2012
  • Principles of gas exchange. 
    Textbook of critical care medicine. 2011
  • Recent concepts in burn resuscitation. 
    Intensive Care Medicine 2010 Annual Update. 2010
    • Conference Paper
  • Blood product resuscitation for trauma [webcase]
    2015
  • Burn management in adults and pediatrics
    2011
  • Trauma cases
    2011
  • Air medical transport protocols
    2009
  • Basic trauma and burn support
    2009
    • Conference Poster
  • Eliminating the preventable occurrence of right mainstem intubation in the pediatric trauma patient [poster]
    2016
  • Decreasing intraosseous pressure and increasing respiratory variability track fluid volume reduction in a porcine hypovolemia model [poster]
    2013
  • Decreasing intraosseous pressure and increasing respiratory variability track fluid volume reduction in a porcine hypovolemia model [poster]
    2013
  • Intraosseous pressure tracings mimic arterial pressure tracings in timing and contour [poster]
    2013
  • Intraosseous pressure tracings mimic arterial pressure tracings in timing and contour [poster]
    2013
  • Trauma education: the next generation (of continuing education) [poster]
    2013
  • Experimental intra-abdominal pressure symmetrically influences bladder pressure and airway plateau pressure [poster]
    2012
  • The complex abdomen [poster]
    2012
  • Fowler's position reduces lung stress and increases functional residual capacity [poster]
    2011
  • Lungs are minimally recruitable by PEEP in a swine model of pleural effusion and intra-abdominal hypertension [poster]
    2011
  • Surgical Apgar Project [poster]
    2011
  • Does increased pre-trial respiratory pattern variability portend failure-to-wean [poster]?
    2010
  • The surgical Apgar Score revisited [poster]
    2010
    • Report
  • Dabigatran: consensus-based statement on emergency care of bleeding [health care protocol]
    2011
    • Review
  • American trauma care: a system of systems [review]. 
    Air Medical Journal. 2023
  • Steroids and sepsis [review]. 
    Air Medical Journal. 2022
  • The US Strategic National Stockpile (SNS) ventilators in COVID-19: a comparison of functionality and analysis regarding the emergency purchase of 200,000 devices [review]. 
    Chest. 2021
  • Chest trauma: from outside to inside [review]. 
    Air Medical Journal. 2020
  • Mechanical ventilation: finer points [review]. 
    Air Medical Journal. 2020
  • Should you carry a prothrombin complex concentrate [review]?. 
    Air Medical Journal. 2020
  • The virus [review]. 
    Air Medical Journal. 2020
  • ARDS from syndrome to disease-treatment strategies [review]. 
    Air Medical Journal. 2019
  • ARDS: from syndrome to disease: prevention and genomics [review]. 
    Air Medical Journal. 2019
  • Anthropogenic disasters [review]. 
    Critical Care Clinics. 2019
  • Faces of terrorism [review]. 
    Air Medical Journal. 2019
  • Renal injuries, markers, and therapy [review]. 
    Air Medical Journal. 2019
  • Resuscitation part 2: trauma and burn injury [review]. 
    Air Medical Journal. 2019
  • Burn care: resuscitation and respiratory care [review]. 
    Air Medical Journal. 2018
  • Delirium [review]. 
    Air Medical Journal. 2018
  • Ketamine: good drug. . .bad rap [review]. 
    Air Medical Journal. 2018
  • Sepsis: 2018 update [review]. 
    Air Medical Journal. 2018
  • The tranexamic acid conundrum [review]. 
    Air Medical Journal. 2018
  • Management of critical burn injuries: recent developments [review]
    2017
  • Teaching: a newer face [review]. 
    Air Medical Journal. 2017
  • Teaching: tips and costs [review]. 
    Air Medical Journal. 2017
  • Toward zero preventable deaths [review]. 
    Air Medical Journal. 2017
  • Chest pain [review article]. 
    Air Medical Journal. 2016
  • Mechanical ventilation: history and harm [review article]. 
    Air Medical Journal. 2016
  • Stroke: part 1 [review]. 
    Air Medical Journal. 2015
  • Management of the bleeding patient receiving new oral anticoagulants: a role for prothrombin complex concentrates [review]. 
    BioMed research international. 2014
  • Special populations: care of the critically ill and injured during pandemics and disasters: CHEST consensus statement [systematic review, review]. 
    Chest. 2014
  • System-level planning, coordination, and communication: care of the critically ill and injured during pandemics and disasters: CHEST consensus statement [systematic review, review]. 
    Chest. 2014
  • Inhalation injury: epidemiology, pathology, treatment strategies [review]. 
    Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine. 2013
  • New anticoagulants: a concise review [review]. 
    The journal of trauma and acute care surgery. 2012
  • Burn resuscitation [review]. 
    Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine. 2011
  • Noninvasive ventilation in the burned patient [review]. 
    Journal of burn care & research. 2010
  • The contemporary role of blood products and components used in trauma resuscitation [review]. 
    Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine. 2010
  • Airway pressure release ventilation [review]. 
    Journal of burn care & research. 2009
  • Key questions in ventilator management of the burn-injured patient (first of two parts) [review article] J Burn Care Res
    2009
  • Key questions in ventilator management of the burn-injured patient (second of two parts) [review article] J Burn Care Res
    2009
    • Abstract
  • Psychological support strategies in hospitalized burn patients: a quality performance improvement assessment [abstract #211]. 
    Journal of burn care & research. 2015
  • How does IAP affect esophageal pressure [abstract]?. 
    American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2013
  • Fowler's position reduces effusion-caused compressive lung stress and increases functional residual capacity [abstract]. 
    American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2012
  • Increasing numbers of rib fractures do not worsen outcome: an analysis of the National Trauma Data Bank [abstract]. 
    Journal of Surgical Research. 2012
  • Intra-abdominal pressure transmission to the thorax is predominantly at end-inspiration [abstract]. 
    American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2012
  • Tidal coefficient of variation as a predictor of weaning success [abstract]. 
    American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2012
  • Does increased pre-trial respiratory pattern variability portend failure-to-wean [abstract]?. 
    American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2010
  • Pleural effusion induced lung collapse is highly recruitable in normal pigs [abstract]. 
    American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2010
  • Reliability of the stress index in an animal model of unilateral pleural effusion [abstract]. 
    American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2010
  • Errors in acute surgery: a statewide hospital survey [abstract] Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med
    2009
    • Book
  • Fundamental critical care support
    2012
  • Year book of critical care medicine
    2012
  • Year book of critical care medicine
    2011
    • Document
  • Alternative positive pressure ventilation equipment
    2009
  • Approach to air medical transport
    2009
  • Blood product use in resuscitation
    2009
  • Disaster management: why surgeons should care!
    2009
  • Horizons in ventilator management
    2009
  • Identification of critical illness
    2009
  • In a swine pleural effusion model, function residual capacity (FRC) or lung volume measurements can be determined by a nitrogen washin/washout method during mechanical ventilation
    2009
  • Initial burn care
    2009
  • Intraosseous access
    2009
  • Management of burn injuries: recent developments in resuscitation, infection control and outcomes
    2009
  • Shock
    2009
  • TBI (traumatic brain injuries): blunt and subtle
    2009
  • The two heads of TRALI (transfusion related acute lung injuries)
    2009
  • Trauma/burns skills station
    2009
    • presentations
    Presentation
  • Acute respiratory failure and mechanical ventilation; Postoperative management; Ventilation (Skill Station); Integration (Skill Station) [presentations]
  • Acute respiratory failure and mechanical ventilation; Sedation, analgesia, and neuromuscular blockade; Postoperative management; Ventilation (Skill Station) [presentation]
  • Acute surgical abdomen [presentation], International 4th Conference on Acute Care with Regions Hospital
  • Ask the experts [panel discussion]
  • Assessment of trauma in a resource-limited setting [presentation]
  • Blood component therapy--polytrauma [presentation]
  • Blood components and fluid management [presentation], Optimizing Mechanical Ventilation 2010 Conference: A Hands-On Practical Approach
  • Blunt abdominal trauma [presentation], International 4th Conference on Acute Care with Regions Hospital
  • Botulinum toxin A-induced paralysis of the lateral abdominal wall after damage-control laparotomy: a multi-institutional, prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded clinical trial [presentation]
  • Burn stuff [presentation], Trauma Education: The Next Generation, HealthPartners and Regions Hospital Conference
  • Burn treatment for the non-burn surgeon [presentation]
  • Cardiovascular evaluation and management of shock [presentation]
  • Child safety seats: a Regions Hospital case study [presentation], Minnesota Toward Zero Deaths Conference
  • Circulatory shock and fluid management; Electrolyte emergencies; Gastrointestinal bleeding in the ICU; Weaning and withdrawing mechanical ventilatory support; Nosocomial infections in the ICU; Ethical and legal considerations in critical care; Airway management and neuromuscular blockade [presentations]
  • Enteric fistula: principles of management [presentation], North Central Region Fall Conference WOCN
  • Fundamental critical care support, 6th edition: what's new and upcoming [presentation]
  • Fundamental critical care support: assessment of the seriously ill and hemorrhagic shock [presentation]
  • High frequency oscillation and airway pressure release ventilation [presentation], Optimizing Mechanical Ventilation 2010 Conference: A Hands-On Practical Approach
  • Initial burn management--in the emergency room [presentation]
  • Interfacing with the ventilator [presentation], Optimizing Mechanical Ventilation 2010 Conference: A Hands-On Practical Approach
  • Intraosseous pressure monitoring in critically ill and injured patient [presentation]
  • Intraosseous pressure monitoring in critically ill and injured patient [presentation]
  • Laparoscoptic transperitoneal approach for rectus abdominis muscle harvest with free transfer [presentation]
  • Massive bleeding--FFP (fresh frozen plasma) [presentation]
  • Massive bleeding--rFVIIa (recombinant activated factor vii) [presentation]
  • Non-invasive ventilation/case studies [presentation]
  • OR safety: it's everyone's business [presentation]
  • Overview of running a licensed course [presentation]
  • Polytrauma tutorial [presentation]
  • Primary fascial closure after damage control laparotomy: factors affecting outcome [presentation]
  • Skill station 1: how to conduct a course [presentation]
  • Soft tissue infections [presentation]
  • Team approach to fistula care [presentation], Bariatric Education Days: Evolving Treatment Across Health Systems Conference
  • Team approach to fistula care [presentation]
  • Ten papers that will change your practice [presentation]
  • The Apgar Score revisited [presentation], Minnesota Surgical Society Spring Conference
  • The science, art, and compassion of obstetrical trauma: a case study [presentation], Trauma Nursing 18th Annual Conference
  • Torso trauma: abdominal compartment syndrome and pelvic fractures [presentation]
  • Tranfusion strategies: should you have blood on your EMS unit [presentation]?
  • Trauma [presentation]
  • Trauma overview; Chest trauma; Chest trauma: procedures [presentations]
  • Ventilator-associated pneumonia rates at major trauma centers compared to a national benchmark: a multi-institutional study of the AAST [presentation]
  • What new modes of invasive and non-invasive ventilation should we be using [presentation]?
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